Jedna trzecia największych rzek świata wysycha. Do oceanów wpada mniej wody niż w połowie ubiegłego stulecia. Winę za to ponosi ocieplenie, ale i lekkomyślność ludzi.
Jangcy opadła do najniższego poziomu od 100 lat. Miasto Wuhan w 2008 roku leżało nad kałużą.
Sami sobie zgotowaliśmy ten los. Raport sporządzony przez organizację WWF w 2007 r. za spadek poziomu rzek wini głównie ludzi. Aż 70 proc. zużywanej wody pochłania rolnictwo. Z dna wydobywa się piasek i żwir, co zaburza przepływ rzek. Buduje się porty rzeczne i tamy, które zakłócają nurt i zanieczyszczają wodę. Tylko 12 proc. ze 177 najdłuższych rzek dopływa do morza bez takich przeszkód.
Do Pacyfiku wpada o 6 proc. mniej wody niż przed półwieczem, zasoby Oceanu Indyjskiego uszczupliły się o 3 proc. Ubytki odnotowano w aż 30 proc. dużych rzek, m.in. takich gigantach jak Żółta Rzeka w Chinach, Ganges w Indiach, Kolorado w USA czy Niger w Afryce. Na ich brzegach mieszkają miliony ludzi.
W nadchodzących dziesięcioleciach możemy się spodziewać jeszcze większego uszczuplenia zasobów wody zdatnej do picia – mówi dr Aiguo Dai z National Center for Atmospheric Research w USA, autor badań, które zostaną w maju opublikowane w piśmie "American Meteorological Society's Journal of Climate".
Naukowiec zmierzył zmiany poziomu w 925 rzekach na przestrzeni 56 lat – od 1948 do 2004 roku. Okazało się, że wysychanie rzek nie dotknęło demokratycznie całego globu. Najbardziej ucierpiał Pacyfik, do którego wpada obecnie o 526 km sześc. mniej wody, czyli 6 proc. rzecznych zasobów. Badacze obliczyli, że podobną ilość wody w ciągu roku toczy Missisipi, jedna z czterech najdłuższych rzek świata. Z kolei Ocean Indyjski uszczuplił się o 140 km sześc., co stanowi 3 proc. wpadających do niego słodkich wód. Naukowcy sugerują, że takie ubytki mogą znacząco wpłynąć na cyrkulację oceaniczną, która jest zależna od temperatury i zasolenia wód.
Dla odmiany, do Oceanu Arktycznego wpada o 10 proc. więcej wody (460 km sześc.) niż przed 50 laty. Powód? Przyspieszone topnienie lodowców. Z kolei zasoby Atlantyku pozostały w zasadzie niezmienione: ubyło wody w Amazonce, ale zostało to zrównoważone wezbraniem Missisipi i południowoamerykańskiej Parany.
W najbliższych dekadach w związku ze zmianą klimatu źródeł świeżej wody ubędzie, zwłaszcza na gęsto zaludnionych obszarach w średnich i małych szerokościach geograficznych – mówi dr Dai. – Szybkie znikanie lodowców górskich w Tybecie i innych regionach jeszcze pogorszy sprawę.
Rejony znaczących ubytków słodkiej wody są jednymi z najgęściej zaludnionych na Ziemi. Wystarczy wymienić podnóże Himalajów czy Chiny. Nad samym Gangesem żyje aż 300 mln ludzi. Z kolei jedyny obszar, który odnotował zwiększony przepływ słodkiej wody – Arktyka – jest słabo zamieszkany.
Rozchwianie naszego klimatu wyraźnie odbija się na bardzo nierównomiernych wahaniach poziomu wody w rzekach. Na przykład Missisipi wezbrała o 22 proc. z powodu zwiększonych opadów wywołanych zjawiskiem El Nino, które jednocześnie osłabiło nurt Amazonki. Z powodu niedostatku deszczu cierpi również południowoamerykańska rzeka Columbia, której nurt zmniejszył się o 14 proc. Afrykański Niger ucierpiał w wyniku wielkiej suszy w latach 70. i 80. ubiegłego wieku.
Badacze podkreślają, że przyczyn spadku poziomu rzek należy również upatrywać w rabunkowej działalności człowieka. Najwięcej szkód wyrządzają wielkie tamy hamujące bieg wody oraz odwracanie nurtu rzek na potrzeby rolnictwa i przemysłu.
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